Stately, plump Buck Mulligan came from the stairhead.Joyce, of course, did not divide the novel into numbered or titled chapters, but for the sake of reference and clarity, these Commentaries have been labeled according to the standard divisions of Stuart Gilbert.Ulysses is a modernist novel by Irish writer James Joyce. This eBook is designed and published by Planet PDF. Not only does Stephen Dedalus become all the more vivid because of his comparison to Telemachus, the son of Ulysses, King of Ithaca, in the Homeric epic.Ulysses. When taken in context with James Joyces grander design for it (a playful comparison to Homers epic poem, The Odyssey), Ulysses gains complexity, irony, and dramatic intensity.Parallels with the Greek Odyssey are loose throughout Joyce's novel, but they serve as structuring devices which permit Joyce to carry through his mock heroic purpose in Ulysses. Stephen is about to leave the Tower, and Joyce will liken Stephen's leaving to that of Homer's Telemachus, the son of the Greek hero Odysseus (Ulysses). He is living in the Tower (which he rented from the government) with Buck Mulligan, a Dublin medical student, and with Haines, an Oxonian, who is residing in Ireland while studying Irish folklore. There.At about eight o'clock in the morning of June 16, 1904, on the stairhead of the Martello Tower on the beach bordering Dublin Bay at Sandycove, about seven miles south of Dublin, Stephen Dedalus has just awakened. It is considered one of the most important works of modernist literature and has been called 'a demonstration and summation of the entire movement.'Irish author, worried about British-Irish conflict and engaged in nationalist question, made the Ulysses novel partially nationalistic in its intention.
![]() As examples, consider Mulligan's role as a false priest Malachi Mulligan's shaving bowl is a chalice, and his quotation from the Introit ("Introibo ad altare Dei" — I will go to the altar of God"), spoken from atop the stairs, suggests the traditional Catholic Mass (common to Joyce's day), in which the celebrant ascends a number of steps at the beginning of the service here, Joyce assigns the role of a high priest to the Jewish Malachi, and thus Mulligan metaphorically places Stephen in the inferior position of an acolyte the allusion shortly afterwards to "Christine" again suggests the Eucharistic ceremony.The religious imagery surrounding Mulligan suggests, also, that even this liberated medical student, for all his profanity, cannot rid himself of his theological training. These motifs are often blended, and one must never forget that Ulysses is a vast symphony of symbols and recurring images.Most of the religious symbols are clearly and easily discernible. Some of the more important of these are religious symbols: the lost (and also the false) father theme, the image of Ireland as a desiccated wasteland, seen in the visit of the old milk woman, and the image of the key. 7 rings ariana grande album coverHaines has nightmares about being attacked by a black panther, and one apocryphal tradition holds that Christ's father was a Roman centurion named Panther or Pantherus (Joyce uses this legend in Finnegans Wake). Consider also the old milk woman's "Glory be to God" it is the start of an ironic Gloria, another prayer used in masses during certain joyful times of the year.Religious allusions are used, as well, to express the false father theme of Ulysses. Stephen's reference to himself as a "server of a servant" spells out his relationship to Ireland, a country which is itself a servant to two foreign tyrants, England and Rome and it also suggests one of the Pope's titles, "Server of the Servants of God," and thus is part of the mock heroic tone of Ulysses. Mulligan calls Stephen "poor dogsbody," foreshadowing an important confrontation with an actual dog in "Proteus" and reminding the reader of the famous Joycean adage that God is dog spelled backwards. Mulligan's gesture of turning his shaven cheek over his shoulder to speak to Stephen resembles the gesticulations of a priest at the altar during Mass, when celebrants officiated with their backs to the acolytes and the congregation. He is also a bit of a fascist — an anti-Semite who, in addition, excuses England's barbarous treatment of the Irish throughout history. Haines is part of the British tennis set. Haines has money the Dedalus family lives in dire poverty. Haines has been to a good school, Oxford Joyce (if we read Ulysses autobiographically) resented the fact that he was forced to attend University College, Dublin, which he considered inferior to Trinity College (Dublin), which has reciprocity with Oxford and Cambridge. In a similar vein, the heretics Arius and Sabellius long ago debated the procession, or order, of the members of the Trinity.Stephen is clearly alienated from Mulligan he is also condemned to remain apart from Haines, whom he dislikes.
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